Just another term for mixed-race people?
"And for clearing all manner of doubts which hereafter may happen to arise upon the construction of this act, or any other act, who shall be accounted a mulatto, Be it enacted and declared, and it is hereby enacted and declared, That the child of an Indian and the child, grand child, or great grand child, of a negro shall be deemed, accounted, held and taken to be a mulatto." -- General Assembly of Virginia "4th Anne Ch. IV (October 1705)"
On the 1860 US Census for Marshall MS there are a lot of our Childress and related family members in the category created by an enumerator making a hash mark to indicate they were "Free White Mulattos".
As sometimes this information is hard to find again on the web, I am including a partial list here, relevant to our Chulahoma family. To read an explanation and to see the full list for Marshall, visit this link on the AfriGeneas site.
"Free White Mulatto". Mulatto in this instance likely meant - as in 1705 VA - "child of an Indian", "civilised Indian". There was no category on the census for Indigenous peoples (Native Americans), so they were usually listed as "Mulatto" or "Other Free" if the latter category existed. Mississippi extended citizenship with its 1848 Constitution to any "Indians" still living there, and as part of the US government extinguishment policy, they were no longer counted other than as the standard US census categories of "White" or "Black", though occasionally marginalia or a separate box appeared so it could be indicated if they were "Other Free", or "Mulatto", non-standard categories. Such involuntary and unilateral extinguishment is today considered genocide and is illegal under international law.
Our family members and intermarried relations are marked here with an * asterisk. Note, all the family members are not included on this list, just the head of household and his partner.
Page 40 Post Office: Wyatt Enumerator: William Clark
Jesse Martindale
R. S. McGee
M. L. McGee
Jno. A. McGee
M. L. McGee
Saml. Simpson
H. W. Simpson
Benjamin F. Patton
E. E. Patton
Mary E. Patton
Rhoda Patton
Goon Childress * [Goen Jr Childress s/o Goen Sr]
Wylie Childress * [Albert Wylie Childress s/o Goen Sr]
Jno. W. Smith
Mrs. N. Smith
Page 49 Post Office: Tyro Enumerator: William Clark
[Sanders inlaws of Goen Sr]
Mrs. C. Sanders * [Charity Cooper, widow of Joshua Sanders]
Jno. H. Sanders *
Jno. R. Sanders * [s/o Charity & Joshua Sanders]
Henry W. Sanders * [Henry Wilson, s/o Charity & Joshua Sanders]
W. Y. Sanders *
Mary B. Sanders *
Letitia J. Sanders *
Wm. B. Sanders *
Robt. C. Sanders *
Martha A. Sanders *
Henry Durley
Betsy Durley
E. Wm. Durley
Delila A. Durley
Nancy E. Durley
Geo. W. Durley
A. J. Page
Mary C. Page
Saml. Kelsey
R. T. Hibbler
A. H. Haltum
M. C. Haltum
Mrs. M. E. Garrett
Robt. Huie ?
Mary G. Huie ?
James Huie ?
Edw. F. Barnes
Jno. Farris
Jesse Carter
E. M. Carter
Mary L. Carter
Allen Carter
Saml. H. Craig
Ann E. Craig
Jno. H. Brown
Matilda V. Brown
Goen Childress * [Goen Sr]
Orphia Childress * [Orpha Eliza Box]
Jno. D. Childress * [John David Childress s/o Goen Sr]
Edw. F. Barnes
Jno. Farris
Jesse Carter
E. M. Carter
Mary L. Carter
Allen Carter
Saml. H. Craig
Ann E. Craig
Jno. H. Brown
Matilda V. Brown
Goen Childress * [Goen Sr]
Orphia Childress * [Orpha Eliza Box]
Jno. D. Childress * [John David Childress s/o Goen Sr]
Page 51 Post Office: Tyro Enumerator: William Clark
Betsy Waldrop * [Elizabeth Childress d/o Goen Sr]
Meday O. Sanders * [1st wife Mary Ann "Polly" Childress] [sil/o Goen Sr]
Harriet O. Sanders * [Harriett Coleman, 2nd wife of Meade O Sanders]
Robt. Sanders * [future sil/o Goen Sr]
Wm. Wynne
Jane Wynne
F. M. Minor * [Minor inlaws of Goen Sr]
Sarah C. Minor *
A. F. Minor *
S. P. Martin
Jno. L. Raiford
Sally J. Raiford
Levi Warner
Jno. W. O'Neill
Jane K. O'Neill
Margaret S. O'Neill
James S. M. O'Neill
Mrs. S. J. Hassell
N. A. Hassell
J. S. Mays
"The legislature shall have power to admit to all the rights and privileges of free white citizens of this state, all such persons of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes of Indians, as shall choose to remain in this state, upon such terms as the legislature may from time to time deem proper. " -- Mississippi Constitution of 1832, Article 7, Sect. 18
Meday O. Sanders * [1st wife Mary Ann "Polly" Childress] [sil/o Goen Sr]
Harriet O. Sanders * [Harriett Coleman, 2nd wife of Meade O Sanders]
Robt. Sanders * [future sil/o Goen Sr]
Wm. Wynne
Jane Wynne
F. M. Minor * [Minor inlaws of Goen Sr]
Sarah C. Minor *
A. F. Minor *
S. P. Martin
Jno. L. Raiford
Sally J. Raiford
Levi Warner
Jno. W. O'Neill
Jane K. O'Neill
Margaret S. O'Neill
James S. M. O'Neill
Mrs. S. J. Hassell
N. A. Hassell
J. S. Mays
"The legislature shall have power to admit to all the rights and privileges of free white citizens of this state, all such persons of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes of Indians, as shall choose to remain in this state, upon such terms as the legislature may from time to time deem proper. " -- Mississippi Constitution of 1832, Article 7, Sect. 18
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